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On-the-Wire Security

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      To support secure communications between nodes, clusters, and clients, Couchbase Server provides interfaces for the configuration of on-the-wire security.

      Understanding On-the-Wire Security

      The interfaces provided by Couchbase Server for configuring on-the-wire security apply to the following areas:

      • Accessing the UI provided by Couchbase Web Console. This can be disabled, for the whole cluster; over either HTTP or HTTPS, or over both.

      • Establishing the Cluster Encryption-Level. The level of encryption imposed on inter-node communications within the cluster can be configured. This can be:

        • control, meaning that server-management information passed between nodes is passed in encrypted form.

        • all, meaning that all information passed between nodes, including data handled by services, is passed in encrypted form.

        • strict, meaning all with only encrypted communication permitted between nodes and between the cluster and external clients. Note, however, that after strict has been specified, communication that occurs entirely on a single node using the loopback interface (whereby the machine is identified as either ::1 or 127.0.0.1) is still permitted in non-encrypted form.

          The cluster encryption-level can only be configured after cluster encryption itself has been enabled: see Node-to-Node Encryption.

          Before establishing the encryption-level as strict, see the information provided in Enforcing TLS.

      • Configuring TLS and Cipher-Suites. This includes establishing the server’s minimum TLS version; determining whether the server’s or the clients' cipher-order is used in a given communication; and configuring the list of cipher-suites that is accepted by the server. These values can be configured either globally (for the whole cluster), or on a per service basis. Details are provided immediately below.

      • Setting an HTTP Secure Transport Header (HSTS); so as to inform the Web-Console browser never to load a site using HTTP; and instead, to automatically convert all access-requests from HTTP to HTTPS.

      • Restricting Node-Addition; by specifying a list of naming conventions that must be met by the name of any node that is to be added or joined to the cluster. This feature is described in Specify Naming Conventions for Node-Addition.

      TLS and Cipher-Suites

      Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol that provides security over a computer network. Couchbase Server supports the configuration of TLS, to secure communications between cluster-nodes, clusters, and external clients: this includes selection of an appropriate TLS version.

      TLS supports multiple methods for exchanging keys, encrypting data, and authenticating message-integrity. Appropriate methods, supported by both participants in an intended networked communication, can be specified through selection of an appropriate cipher-suite, from defined lists of ones acceptable.

      When a TLS connection is established between a client application and Couchbase Server — for example, using the secure port 18091 — a handshake occurs, as defined by the TLS Handshake Protocol. As part of this exchange, the client sends to the server the client’s own cipher-suite list; which specifies the cipher-suites that the client itself supports. A server-setting is provided to specify whether the server then conforms to its own or the client’s preference, in selecting a commonly acceptable cipher-suite to be used for the communication.

      Once the selection has been made by Couchbase Server, Couchbase Server notifies the client of the selection, and the handshake process continues.

      Configuring TLS and Cipher-Suites

      Configuration for TLS and cipher-suites includes establishing the server’s minimum TLS version; determining whether the server’s or the clients' cipher-order is used in a given communication; and configuring the list of cipher-suites that is accepted by the server. Such settings can be established either globally (that is, for the entire cluster), or per service. (Note that the other on-the-wire security settings — for console-access and encryption-level — are global-only; and cannot be set for an individual service.) A service can be any of the Couchbase Server Services; it can also be the Cluster Manager.

      The relationships between global and per service settings for TLS and cipher-suites are described in the following subsections.

      Setting the Minimum TLS Version

      You can set the minimum version of TLS that Couchbase Server accepts either for the entire server or on a per-service basis. Couchbase Server refuses connections from clients who use a version of TLS earlier than this minimum. You can choose to set the minimum TLS version to either 1.2 or 1.3.

      Couchbase Server 7.6 and later do not support TLS versions 1 and 1.1. Support for these earlier versions was deprecated in Couchbase Server 7.2. When upgrading from a pre-7.6 version of Couchbase Server to version 7.6 or later, the upgrade process sets any TLS minimum setting that’s lower than 1.2 to 1.2.

      Couchbase Server defaults to requiring TLS version 1.2 or later if you have set Couchbase Server to enforce TLS. You can change this global default to require at least TLS version 1.3. Individual services use the system default value unless you set a minimum TLS version for them specifically. See Manage On-the-Wire Security to learn how to change these settings.

      Also, see Cipher-Suite Configuration Limitations for further information.

      Establishing Cipher-Suite Preference

      This determines, when secure communication is required between server and client, whether the cipher-suite list configured for the server is that to be used; or whether that configured for the client is to be used. The server’s preference is strongly recommended to be used, since secure: however, preference can be delegated to the client, if required.

      The default value — both globally and per service — is that the server’s preference is used: this, therefore, is the case if no cipher-suite preference value is specified either for a given service or globally.

      If a particular cipher-suite preference value has been specified for a given service, the service uses that value. If no cipher-suite preference value has been specified for a given service, and a value has been specified globally, the service uses the global value.

      Establishing Cipher-Suite Lists

      Each service is pre-configured with a list of supported cipher-suites. This list can be inspected as a read-only value (see Get Cluster-Wide Settings, with the CLI, for an example). Only those cipher-suites included in this list can be used by the service.

      A custom list of cipher-suites can be configured per service. The custom list should be a subset of those cipher suites included in the pre-configured list of supported cipher-suites. Any cipher-suites included in a per-service or global list that do not appear on the pre-configured list of supported cipher-suites for that service are ignored by the service.

      A custom list of cipher-suites can also be configured globally. The relationships between the per-service custom and pre-configured lists, and the global list, are as follows:

      • If a custom list of cipher-suites is established for a given service, the service uses that list.

      • If no custom list of cipher-suites is established for a given service, but a global list is established, the service uses the global list.

      • If no custom list of cipher-suites is established for a given service, and no global list is established, the service uses a list of HIGH security cipher-suites.

      There is no global, pre-configured list of supported cipher-suites.

      Cipher-suites are used by a service in the order in which the cipher-suites appear in the list established for the service. The order of cipher-suites in a custom list may be varied from that of the pre-configured list of supported cipher-suites for the service, except in the case of 1.3 cipher-suites: see Cipher-Suite Configuration Limitations, below, for information.

      Cipher-Suite Configuration Limitations

      The following limitations apply to cipher-suite configuration.

      TLS 1.3 Cipher-Suite Limitations

      As indicated above, TLS 1.3 cipher-suites can be used by all services; and by the Cluster Manager, XDCR, and Views.

      However, only the Cluster Manager, the Data Service and the Analytics Service support the custom-configuration of TLS 1.3 ciphers — custom-configuration of ciphers means the selection of a subset of available ciphers for a custom cipher-suite list, and the specifying of the selected ciphers in the subset in any order judged appropriate.

      The remaining services and other components do not support custom-configuration of TLS 1.3 ciphers. This means that, for these services and components:

      • A custom cipher-suite list will always implicitly include all the TLS 1.3 cipher-suites in the list of supported cipher-suites for that service: none of those TLS 1.3 cipher-suites can be omitted.

      • The order of the 1.3 cipher-suites is determined based on available hardware.

      • If a client is able to use 1.3 cipher-suites, the service and client can communicate only by means of one of the listed 1.3 cipher-suites.

      TLS 1.2 Cipher-Suite Limitation with HTTP/2

      If the HTTP/2 protocol is to be used with TLS 1.2, the cipher-suite TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 must be specified in any custom list. If this cipher-suite is not present, HTTP/1 or HTTP/1.1 are used, instead of HTTP/2. For information, see Section 9.2.2 of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2).

      Also, for information on cipher-suites prohibited by HTTP/2, see Appendix A of the same document.

      Establishing an HTTP Secure Transport Header

      Setting an HTTP Secure Transport Header (HSTS) informs the Web-Console browser never to load a site using HTTP; and instead, to automatically convert all access-requests from HTTP to HTTPS. Only the Strict-Transport-Security header is supported.

      Configuring On-the-Wire Security-Parameters

      The parameters provided by Couchbase Server for on-the-wire security can be configured by means of either the CLI or the REST API. See Manage On-the-Wire Security, for information.